Retrouvez toutes les discothèque Marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soirées en discothèque à Marseille.Earthquake safety in India: achievements, challenges and opportunities. It can be seen from the earlier discussion that India has a huge stock of unsafe buildings (Fig. 6. In fact, we have a significant number of buildings that are unsafe not just against earthquakes but even under gravity loads as is evident from occasional news stories on the collapse of existing buildings or buildings under construction. According to Sinha and Adarsh (1. ![]() How to Evaluate and Diagnose Vertical Foundation Movement - Foundation Settlement Cracks, Foundation Leans, or Shifts in Foundation Wall - How to Evaluate and. Construction workers build, repair, maintain, renovate, modify and demolish houses, office buildings, temples, factories, hospitals, roads, bridges. Mumbai (most were very old), mainly in the monsoon season. Further, India’s geology makes it a site for the periodic occurrence of large and great earthquakes. Together, these two facts indicate a huge earthquake risk for the country; a major earthquake in one of India’s booming cities could kill many people and set back development and economic growth by decades. Arya (1. 99. 2) has estimated the impacts if the 1. Kangra earthquake of magnitude 8. As opposed to 1. 9,0. These numbers will be significantly higher if the earthquake were to occur in 2. Fig. 6. 3Dense, unregulated reinforced concrete frame construction on slopes in Gangtok city, located in seismic zone IV (photo: C. V. R. Murty)Further, in the years ahead, India will have a construction boom in housing and infrastructure that is of a staggering magnitude. With a substantial proportion of our population not having proper housing currently, and with the expected future growth in our population, the country will undertake a huge amount of construction for housing, schools, hospitals, bridges and other infrastructure. Given current construction practices and the lack of an adequate regulatory framework to manage such construction, the seismic risk in the country is growing rapidly. If India is to achieve its aspirations of rapid growth and improvement in the lives of its people, it must address the problem of seismic risk sooner rather than later. It is not a problem that can be resolved in a few years through the passage of a law or through a stand–alone short–term initiative. It requires sustained attention and tremendous effort on multiple fronts by a diverse set of stakeholders over decades. To understand this problem, let us break it into several parts: 9. Licensing of engineers. Currently in India there is no formal system of competence- based licensing of structural engineers (Jain 2. Some municipalities may require a minimum level of engineering education from the engineer- of- record, even though a degree does not necessarily ensure competence. In essence, anyone with an engineering degree can practice as a professional engineer and issue construction drawings. In the absence of competence- based licensing of engineers, there are few options for ensuring the competence of a structural designer engaged in a project. There are no requirements for continuing education and there are limited opportunities for a typical engineer to remain up- to- date with technical subjects. Professional licensing serves several purposes: (a) ensuring competence of professionals, (b) enhancing quality and accountability of professionals since the council can withdraw the licence to practise in case of misconduct or incompetence, and (c) increasing the mobility of professionals from one jurisdiction to another. Unlike many other engineering endeavours, in the case of structural engineering success is not an indication of competence, but failure does indicate incompetence. If an engineering team is able to successfully launch a mission to the moon, their success is a clear endorsement of the team’s competence. On the other hand, if a team of architects and engineers is responsible for the design and construction of a building that does not collapse, it does not imply their competence. However, if the building shows structural distress, it is an indication that the team failed to do the job competently. Further, there are no opportunities to test the structure before its usage. If one were to buy a cell phone that does not work, one could return it to the store. In the case of an apartment, the person living in it can only hope that it has been built to be safe against earthquake, fire and other hazards. Hence, there is a far greater need in the construction industry to ensure the competence of professionals before allowing them to practise independently. Civil engineers have often not been successful in conveying to policy makers in India that licensing is a particularly critical matter for civil engineering (and to some extent electrical and mechanical engineering) as it concerns the safety of the built environment, and that the issue of licensing need not be seen through the same lens for all branches of engineering. Appendix describes the salient features of licensing of engineers in California to give some context on this issue. India has a licensing system for a number of other professions. The Council of Architecture (Co. A) and the Medical Council of India (MCI) ensure that the colleges meet certain standards, and follow certain requirements in their curricula. This forms the basis for these Councils to provide a license to graduates of such colleges. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) does not oversee curricula in the colleges, but conducts a rigorous written examination to award a license to practice as a Chartered Accountant. Regardless of whether a license is based on the intervention at the level of college education (e. MCI and Co. A) or based on a competence- based examination (e. ICAI), there is the opportunity to enforce professional standards since these councils can withdraw the license to practise in the case of malpractice. Unfortunately, efforts made in the past towards licensing of engineers have not been successful: (a)In 2. Engineering Council of India (ECI). ECI took up the discussions on licensing of engineers, but those discussions have not been successful to date.(b)In 2. Government of Gujarat passed the Gujarat Professional Civil Engineers Act for the creation of the Gujarat Council of Professional Civil Engineers to provide for the registration of professional civil engineers, based on an examination. The Act provided that only a professional civil engineer registered by the Council could certify buildings with more than 1. The Council was formed in 2. Act. 9. 2 Professional competence. India has many great engineers and architects, but in a country of its size with its vast geographic, cultural and educational diversity, there are also many engineers and architects who lack the adequate skills and expertise necessary to practise good structural engineering. For instance, one sees building designs not having an adequate structural load path, columns of unrealistically small size, and indiscriminate perforation of structural beams for drainage or HVAC systems (Fig. 6. Teaching in most engineering schools around the world emphasizes the basic theory, and India is no exception. The engineering curricula are designed with the expectation that upon graduation young engineers will work under the supervision of experienced and competent seniors and in due course will learn to provide good engineering services independently. Fig. 6. 4Pipes perforating the beam of a reinforced concrete frame near the beam column joint in the city of Kanpur in 2. C. K. Jain)In the absence of competence- based licensing, without adequate supervision by competent experienced engineers, and with no additional layers of checking the drawings, an engineering graduate may often design and sign drawings that have fatal errors. The computer tools available for analysis and design of structures have compounded the problem further. Many engineers tend to take the computer program as the ultimate engineer and either do not have the time or the capability to ensure that the design and details coming out of a computer analysis make sense. There is a huge construction boom in India with an unprecedented number of multi- storey residential buildings coming up in the towns and cities and the urbanizing fringe areas, to meet the urban housing shortage (Fig. 6. Most are reinforced concrete frame structures with unreinforced masonry infill walls and are constructed by property developers who do not have a long- term stake in such buildings. While there are some reputed developers who may not compromise on the quality, many tend to cut corners to save cost of the structure as multi- storey housing is a very cut- throat, competitive process.
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