Libro - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. Un libro (del latínliber, libri) es una obra impresa, manuscrita o pintada en una serie de hojas de papel, pergamino, vitela u otro material, unidas por un lado (es decir, encuadernadas) y protegidas con tapas, también llamadas cubiertas. Un libro puede tratar sobre cualquier tema. Según la definición de la Unesco,[1] un libro debe poseer 2. También se llama "libro" a una obra de gran extensión publicada en varias unidades independientes, llamados "tomos" o "volúmenes". Otras veces se llama también "libro" a cada una de las partes de una obra, aunque físicamente se publiquen todas en un mismo volumen (ejemplo: Libros de la Biblia). ![]() Montoneros fue una organización guerrillera argentina de la izquierda peronista que se desempeñó entre 1970 y 1980. Fue conocida por sus miembros como La. ![]() El libro comprendido como una unidad de hojas impresas que se encuentran encuadernadas en determinado material que forman un volumen ordenado, puede dividir su. Web oficial de la Universidad de A Coruña. Enlaces a centros, departamentos, servicios, planes de estudios. 743997 de 387240 la 341079 el 307650. 307650. Hoy en día, no obstante, esta definición no queda circunscrita al mundo impreso o de los soportes físicos, dada la aparición y auge de los nuevos formatos documentales y especialmente de la World Wide Web. El libro digital o libro electrónico, conocido como e- book, está viendo incrementado su uso en el mundo del libro y en la práctica profesional bibliotecaria y documental. Además, el libro también puede encontrarse en formato audio, en cuyo caso se denomina audiolibro. Desde los orígenes, la humanidad ha tenido que hacer frente a una cuestión fundamental: la forma de preservar y transmitir su cultura, es decir, sus creencias y conocimientos, tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. El planteamiento de esta cuestión supone: por un lado, determinar la forma de garantizar la integridad intelectual del contenido de la obra y la conservación del soporte en el que fue plasmada, y por otro, encontrar el medio por el cual se mantendrá inalterada la intención o finalidad para la cual se concibió. Los orígenes de la historia del libro se remontan a las primeras manifestaciones pictóricas de nuestros antepasados, la pintura rupestre del hombre del paleolítico. Con un simbolismo, posiblemente cargado de significados mágicos, estas pinturas muestran animales, cacerías y otras escenas cotidianas del entorno natural del hombre antiguo, que trataba de dominar las fuerzas adversas de la naturaleza capturando su esencia mediante su representación. Son el más antiguo precedente de los primeros documentos impresos de que se tiene memoria. Comunicación oral y formas rudimentarias[editar]Las señales gestuales fueron la primera forma de expresar y transmitir mensajes. La palabra hablada es la manera más antigua de contar historias. Mediante fórmulas de valor mnemotécnico[2] se estructuraban narraciones, que pasaban de generación en generación como valiosa herencia cultural de los más diversos grupos humanos. Dichas reglas mnemotécnicas ayudaban tanto a la memorización como a la difusión de los relatos. Es el caso de los poemas homéricos, que han merecido valiosos estudios sobre el particular. Posiblemente, gran parte de las tradiciones y leyendas han tenido semejante inicio. Esta transmisión oral tenía el inconveniente de los «ruidos» que deformaban el mensaje. La mayoría de las veces era el narrador (rapsoda, aeda, juglar) quien en función de sus intereses la deformaba de una u otra forma. La escritura[editar]Cuando los sistemas de escritura fueron inventados en las antiguas civilizaciones, el hombre utilizó diversos soportes de escritura: tablillas de arcilla, ostracon, placas de hueso o marfil, tablas de madera, papiros, tablillas enceradas, planchas de plomo, pieles curtidas, etc. La escritura fue el resultado de un proceso lento de evolución con diversos pasos: imágenes que reproducían objetos cotidianos (pictografía); representación mediante símbolos (ideografía); y la reproducción de sílabas y letras. Los más antiguos vestigios de escritura se encuentran, hacia finales del IV milenio a. C., en el Antiguo Egipto, con jeroglíficos, y la antigua Mesopotamia, mediante signos cuneiformes (escritura cuneiforme; utilizaban una varilla con sección triangular, que al hendir en placas de arcilla, dejaba una marca en forma de cuña). La usaron los sumerios, acadios, asirios, hititas, persas, babilonios etc. La escritura egipcia, que perduró más de tres milenios, mediante jeroglíficos, representaba ideas abstractas, objetos, palabras, sílabas, letras y números. Evolucionó en las escrituras hierática y demótica. Otros pueblos, como los hititas y los aztecas también tuvieron tipos propios de escritura. La escritura china más antigua que se conoce son 5. C. en el yacimiento de Xiaotun, en la provincia de Henan. Pero los primeros libros reconocibles de China corresponden al siglo VI a. C., los jiance o jiandu, rollos de finas tiras de bambú o madera grabados con tinta indeleble y atados con cordel. Estos textos servían principalmente a causas institucionales , era la obra de funcionarios civiles o militares.[3]Desde Confucio en adelante (5. C.) los libros se convirtieron en importantes instrumentos de aprendizaje, se escribieron tratados de filosofía, medicina, astronomía y cartografía. En el período de los reinos combatientes (4. C.) La seda se usó mucho como soporte para escribir. La tela era ligera, resistente al clima húmedo, absorbía bien la tinta y proporcionaba al texto un fondo blanco, sin embargo era mucho más cara que el bambú, es por esto que en ocasiones se hacía una copia en bambú antes de grabarse en seda los textos importantes. La invención del papel según la tradición china, se atribuye a un eunuco de la corte imperial llamado Cai Lin en el 1. C. Usando nuevos ingredientes (trapos viejos, cáñamo, corteza de árbol y redes de pescar) creó un método de fabricación de papel muy similar al que se usa hoy en día. Pero el papel tardó cientos de años en reemplazar al bambú y la seda, fue hasta finales del siglo II d. C. que la corte imperial lo usó en cantidades importantes. Esta innovación no se propagó fuera de China hasta el 6. C. aproximadamente, y alcanzó Europa a través de España hasta el siglo XII. A mediados del siglo VIII los chinos inventaron la impresión xilográfica, o el grabado en madera, y la necesidad de reproducir un gran número de textos e imágenes budistas, calendarios, manuales de adivinación y diccionarios promovió una rápida y temprana propagación de la xilografía. El primer libro impreso chino que se ha encontrado es el Sutra del diamante del 8. C. Los impresores chinos crearon los tipos móviles hacia el siglo XI, el escritor chino Ch'en Kua (1. Mengshi Pitan), según el escritor el herrero Jen. Tsung de la dinastía de los Song del norte entre 1. También se le atribuye la creación de una mesa giratoria para guardar los caracteres, esta técnica se llamaba tipografía tablearia. Hacia el 1. 30. 0 Wang- Tcheng, un técnico agrónomo, emplazó la arcilla por madera de azufaifo, que era mucho más dura. Pero este avance no revolucionó la imprenta hasta el punto que lo hizo Gutenberg en Europa 4. A diferencia de las lenguas europeas, el chino escrito requiere miles de caracteres únicos, lo que hace mucho más eficaz los bloques de madera individuales que los enormes conjuntos de tipos reutilizables. En contraste con el declive de las artes de los escribas en occidente en los siglos que siguieron a la creación de la imprenta de tipos móviles, la caligrafía china conservó su prestigio, era un arte. No obstante, a finales del siglo XV, China había producido más libros que el resto del mundo junto. Los árabes aprendieron la técnica para fabricar papel de sus contactos con China en el siglo VIII, y este se introdujo en Europa en el siglo XII a través de la España musulmana.[3]La obra xilográfica más antigua encontrada hasta nuestros días es el Dharani Sutra de Corea, datado en el 7. C., aunque no se sabe quién fue el inventor de la xilografía los chinos y coreanos fueron los que impulsaron la impresión xilográfica, principalmente para editar textos religiosos. El budismo chino y coreano fue el vehículo que trasmitió la xilografía a Japón. Pero Corea realizó muchos otros avances que revolucionaron la manera de imprimir y en consecuencia el libro. Entre 1. 23. 4 y 1. Gwanghwa, debido a la invasión mongol, no disponían de madera dura fue entonces que imprimieron 2. Go geum sang jeong ye mun con caracteres móviles metálicos. La obra del año 1. Más tarde el rey Taejong puso en funcionamiento un taller que contribuía a la difusión de la escritura y en 1. Jujaso, donde se fabricaban caracteres móviles de imprenta, realizó la primera fundición de tipos móviles en bronce.
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A. J. Guyton - Wikipedia. Arthur James "A. J." Guyton (born February 1. American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for the Windy City Bulls. He played college basketball for Indiana University. ![]() Department of Physiology and Biophysics overview, including faculty and student information, weekly seminar announcements, and links to an online modeling workshop and. Indiana University[edit]Guyton chose to play basketball for the Indiana University Hoosiers under coach Bob Knight from 1. He was a four- year starter and appeared in every game while at Indiana. When he left, Guyton was Indiana's all- time leader in three- point baskets (2. He also ranked eighth in all- time Indiana assists (4. Guyton's first year saw him become only the second Hoosier freshman to collect 4. Isiah Thomas. Guyton made the All- Big Ten Team his sophomore year and the Playboy pre- season All- American Team his last two seasons. Guyton was rumored to be leaving Indiana following his junior year, but after Luke Recker departed the team one week after the season, Guyton announced he was staying. His senior year was a successful one in which he averaged 1. Guyton later recalled, "I remember it all like it was yesterday. Those are nights you live for. I felt back then I couldn't be guarded."[1] In 2. Big Ten Co- MVP and that same year was selected to the first team 2. All- American Team. The end of his time at Indiana saw tumultuous changes when former Hoosier teammate Neil Reed went public with an accusation that Coach Knight had put a choke hold on him in practice three years before. Calling a special press conference to give the players' point of view were Guyton and his four- year running mate at guard, Michael Lewis. Guyton said later, "We wanted to stand up for coach Knight. Guyton And Hall PdfGuyton And Hall Medical Physiology Free PdfBrowse the most recent Augusta, Georgia obituaries and condolences. Celebrate and remember the lives we have lost in Augusta, Georgia. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology John E. Hall, Ph.D. Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair Department of Physiology and Biophysics. We wanted to tell people what they didn't know. People always think it's coach Knight's fault. For him (Reed) to pick that time, our senior year, to come out and tell his story, it showed a lack of respect for our team."[1]Despite the controversies surrounding Knight, Guyton recalled his Indiana career fondly. We had a lot of good wins. Those were the best four years of my life. I wouldn't change a thing. I would go back to Indiana and do it all over again."[1]On June 1. Guyton learned that he was being inducted into the Indiana University Basketball Hall of Fame. Professional career[edit]Guyton was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the 2nd round (3. NBA Draft. He played for the Bulls from 2. Golden State Warriors during the 2. He later played in the NBDL, Italy, Israel, Croatia, and Sweden.[2] In 2. One day in Italy, I looked up for a rebound and lost sight of the ball," he said.[1] "I started having cloudy vision, seeing rings around the lights."Post- player career[edit]In 2. Guyton was an assistant coach at Illinois Central College.[3] He was also head coach of the Bloomington Flex, a minor league team located in the Bloomington, Illinois area.[4] Guyton led the Flex, then known as the Central Illinois Drive, to a 2. Premier Basketball League championship. Guyton also led the Flex to a PBL title in 2. Coach of the Year honors both seasons. In 2. 01. 4, the Flex were again the top team in the PBL under Guyton's leadership, finishing the season with a perfect 1. In 2. 01. 5, Guyton was appointed Consulting Director with the Midwest Professional Basketball Association.[5]On September 3. Guyton was appointed an assistant coach of the Windy City Bulls, a new NBA Development League franchise.[6]References[edit]External links[edit]. Saint Matthew AME Church. Pastor Guyton was appointed by Bishop Gregory G. M. Ingram, Presiding Prelate of the First Episcopal District, to Saint Matthew AME Church in 2. Dr. Guyton is the 1. Saint Matthew, following Bishop Reginald T. Jackson, whom pastored 3. Dr. Guyton is a pastor on a journey seeking to ".. Equip, Train, and Motivate, the Body of Christ for the Service of Ministry.." His preaching and teaching is focused on the commission of the liberating Jesus, to spread the gospel, to the utter most parts of the world. Dr. Guyton, a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., has received numerous certificates, awards while attending various colleges; San Joaquin Delta College, Stockton, California; Allen University Columbia, South Carolina; Turner Seminary at I. T. C. Atlanta, GA; and United Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio, where he earned his doctorate degree. Dr. Guyton has served the following churches: St. James Church, Mays Landing, New Jersey; Bethany, Harrisburg, Pa.; Bethel Church, Asbury Park, New Jersey; and St. Paul Church, Bermuda (2. While at St. Paul, Dr. Guyton completed $4 million in renovations of the church, parsonage (new build) and Centennial Hall. Dr. Guyton has served on the Board of Examiners for the Philadelphia Conference and as Dean of the Institute for the Bermuda Conference. He has served on the Self- Help Board for the First Episcopal District for a period of nine years and currently serves on the New Jersey Conference Board of Examiners and Conference Board of Trustees. He also serves on the Superior Court of New Jersey- Essex Vicinage Advisory Committee on Minority Concerns. Additionally, he holds Teacher’s Certifications for Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Dr. Guyton is married to Tanzania, where they are the proud parents of a son, Lloyd, and daughter Gisselle. 2017: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2016: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2015: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2014. To run: require libcurl-dev or libcurl-devel(on rpm linux based) $ git clone https://github.com/CoolerVoid/0d1n/ need libcurl to run $ sudo apt-get install libcurl-dev. دانلود کالی لینوکس Kali Linux. Kali Linux کالی لینوکس نام سیستم عامل رایگان و برای تست نفوذ طراحی شده. Steps Wifi Hacking – Cracking WPA2 Password After the long holiday, first I want to say Merry Christmas and Happy new year 2. Today we will learn about 5 Steps Wifi Hacking – Cracking WPA2 Password. A lot of readers send many request regarding how to crack wireless WPA2 password in our request tutorial page. According to Wikipedia : Wi- Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Wi- Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) are two security protocols and security certification programs developed by the Wi- Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. The Alliance defined these in response to serious weaknesses researchers had found in the previous system, WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) A flaw in a feature added to Wi- Fi, called Wi- Fi Protected Setup (WPS), allows WPA and WPA2 security to be bypassed and effectively broken in many situations. Many access point they have a Wifi Protected Setup enabled by default (even after we hard reset the access point). Requirements: 1. Wireless card (support promiscuous mode) In this tutorial I use ALFA AWUS0. H from Amazon. 2. Access point with WPA2 and WPS enables 5 Steps Wifi Hacking – Cracking WPA2 Password: 1. Open our terminal (CTRL+ALT+T) and type airmon- ng (view tips and tricks how to create keyboard shortcut on kali linux) this command will lists our wireless card that attached with our system. The next step we need to stop our wireless monitor mode by running airmon- ng stop wlan. ![]() Now we ready to capture the wireless traffic around us. By running airodump- ng wlan. From the picture above, we can see many available access point with all the information. Update Metasploit Framework Kali Linux Vmware ImagesIn the green box is our victim access point which is my own access point ?Information: BSSID (Basic Service Set Identification): the MAC address of access point. PWR: Signal level reported by the card. Beacons: Number of announcements packets sent by the AP#Data: Number of captured data packets (if WEP, unique IV count), including data broadcast packets.#/s: Number of data packets per second measure over the last 1. CH: Channel number (taken from beacon packets). MB: Maximum speed supported by the AP. If MB = 1. 1, it's 8. MB = 2. 2 it's 8. ENC: Encryption algorithm in use. CIPHER: The cipher detected. TKIP is typically used with WPA and CCMP is typically used with WPA2. AUTH: The authentication protocol used. ESSID: Shows the wireless network name. The so- called “SSID”, which can be empty if SSID hiding is activated. From the step 3 above, we can find access point with encryption algorithm WPA2 and note the AP channel number. Now we will find out whether target AP has WPS enabled or not. C - s if the WPS Locked status is No, then we ready to crack and move to step 5. The last step is cracking the WPA2 password using reaver. MAC address> –fail- wait=3. Because we already get the information from step 3 above, so my command look like this: reaver - i wlan. E0: 0. 5: C5: 5. A: 2. WPA2 password (vishnuvalentino. Kali virtual. Box, but it depend with our hardware and wireless card. Conclusions: 1. WPA and WPA2 security implemented without using the Wi- Fi Protected Setup (WPS) feature are unaffected by the security vulnerability. To prevent this attack, just turn off our WPS/QSS feature on our access point. See picture below (I only have the Chinese version ? )Notes: Only practice this tutorial on your own lab and your own device. Hacking can be a crime if you don't know where to put it. Share this article if you found this post was useful. ![]() Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. White Papers. Current Issue. Digital Transformation Myths & Truths. News and feature lists of Linux and BSD distributions. Thank you so much for all the info on this page. I took my gateway netbook in for a clean up and I also installed CCG as something new once I got it back. Transformation is on every IT organization's to- do list, but effectively transforming IT means a major shift in technology as well as business models and culture. In this IT Trend Report, we examine some of the misconceptions of digital transformation and look at steps you can take to succeed technically and culturally.[Interop ITX 2. State Of Dev. Ops Report. The Dev. Ops movement brings application development and infrastructure operations together to increase efficiency and deploy applications more quickly. But embracing Dev. Ops means making significant cultural, organizational, and technological changes. This research report will examine how and why IT organizations are adopting Dev. Ops methodologies, the effects on their staff and processes, and the tools they are utilizing for the best results. ![]() Video. Sponsored Video. Slideshows. Twitter Feed.
![]() ![]() Techmeme. Top News. More: AOL INSTANT MESSENGER, The Verge, Gizmodo, Geek News Central, Wired, Two Buttons Deep, g. Hacks Technology News, Fone Arena, 5. Words, Ars Technica, The Mac Observer, Extreme. Tech, The Tech Report, The Register, The Daily Caller, Salon, Redmond Pie, CNET, Tech. Spot, SFist, Washington Post, Investor. Place, Silicon. Beat, NPR, Fortune, Nextgov, Boing Boing, Neowin, The Atlantic, Silicon. ANGLE, Liliputing, Breitbart, thecut, USA Today, i. ![]() ![]() Logitech is at its best when making premium productivity devices, but until now, it never really had a keyboard good enough to pair with its flagship MX Master 2S mouse. Luke Plunkett. Luke Plunkett is a Contributing Editor based in Canberra, Australia. He has written a book on cosplay, designed a game about airplanes, and also runs. Uber is closing in on a pick to replace its former CEO Travis Kalanick, who departed the ride-hailing giant under a storm of allegations he tolerated a widespread. More, i. Phone Hacks, PCWorld, The Next Web, Vox, Quartz, New York Magazine, Apple. Insider, Lifehacker, CNNMoney, Motherboard, Engadget, Recode, Consumerist, Slate, Mashable, Business Insider, Axios, 9to. Mac, POPSUGAR Living, i. Phone in Canada Blog, Venture. Beat, Adweek, TMZ. Real Stories, Hollywood Reporter, WBAY- TV, Know. Mashable is a global, multi-platform media and entertainment company. Techie, daytondailynews, CNBC, Mac. Rumors, The Hill, Mac. Daily. News, The FADER, and Newser. Tweets: @aim, @yayitsrob, @harrymccracken, @theregister, @fromedome, @recode, @sacca, @mgsiegler, @alex_navarro, @danprimack, @joeylangone, @jandawson, @laurengoode, @evleaks, @m. More: ZDNet, Engadget, The Register, Beta. News, The Hacker News, Bleeping. Computer. com, Word. Press Tavern, and Have I been pwned? More News. Earlier Picks. More: Venture. Beat, Digital Trends, New York Times, Phone. Dog. com, Investor. Place, International Business Times, Ubergizmo, Slash. Gear, Fone Arena, Mashable, Engadget, Business Insider, BGR, Inquirer, Ars Technica, i. Phone Hacks, The FADER, Apple, Neowin, CNET, The Loop, Emojipedia, Softpedia News, Mac. Rumors, i. Download. Blog. com, and 9to. Mac. More: 9to. 5Mac, i. More, Apple. Insider, e. Week, Tom's Hardware, Mashable, Tom's Guide, Gizmodo, Inquirer, The Hacker News, Security. Week, Naked Security, Beta. News, BGR, Mac. Rumors, ZDNet, The Register, Macworld, i. Phone Hacks, i. Phone in Canada Blog, The Mac Observer, and i. Download. Blog. com. Tweets: @profwoodward. Retrouvez toutes les discothèque Marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soirées en discothèque à Marseille.Earthquake safety in India: achievements, challenges and opportunities. It can be seen from the earlier discussion that India has a huge stock of unsafe buildings (Fig. 6. In fact, we have a significant number of buildings that are unsafe not just against earthquakes but even under gravity loads as is evident from occasional news stories on the collapse of existing buildings or buildings under construction. According to Sinha and Adarsh (1. ![]() How to Evaluate and Diagnose Vertical Foundation Movement - Foundation Settlement Cracks, Foundation Leans, or Shifts in Foundation Wall - How to Evaluate and. Construction workers build, repair, maintain, renovate, modify and demolish houses, office buildings, temples, factories, hospitals, roads, bridges. Mumbai (most were very old), mainly in the monsoon season. Further, India’s geology makes it a site for the periodic occurrence of large and great earthquakes. Together, these two facts indicate a huge earthquake risk for the country; a major earthquake in one of India’s booming cities could kill many people and set back development and economic growth by decades. Arya (1. 99. 2) has estimated the impacts if the 1. Kangra earthquake of magnitude 8. As opposed to 1. 9,0. These numbers will be significantly higher if the earthquake were to occur in 2. Fig. 6. 3Dense, unregulated reinforced concrete frame construction on slopes in Gangtok city, located in seismic zone IV (photo: C. V. R. Murty)Further, in the years ahead, India will have a construction boom in housing and infrastructure that is of a staggering magnitude. With a substantial proportion of our population not having proper housing currently, and with the expected future growth in our population, the country will undertake a huge amount of construction for housing, schools, hospitals, bridges and other infrastructure. Given current construction practices and the lack of an adequate regulatory framework to manage such construction, the seismic risk in the country is growing rapidly. If India is to achieve its aspirations of rapid growth and improvement in the lives of its people, it must address the problem of seismic risk sooner rather than later. It is not a problem that can be resolved in a few years through the passage of a law or through a stand–alone short–term initiative. It requires sustained attention and tremendous effort on multiple fronts by a diverse set of stakeholders over decades. To understand this problem, let us break it into several parts: 9. Licensing of engineers. Currently in India there is no formal system of competence- based licensing of structural engineers (Jain 2. Some municipalities may require a minimum level of engineering education from the engineer- of- record, even though a degree does not necessarily ensure competence. In essence, anyone with an engineering degree can practice as a professional engineer and issue construction drawings. In the absence of competence- based licensing of engineers, there are few options for ensuring the competence of a structural designer engaged in a project. There are no requirements for continuing education and there are limited opportunities for a typical engineer to remain up- to- date with technical subjects. Professional licensing serves several purposes: (a) ensuring competence of professionals, (b) enhancing quality and accountability of professionals since the council can withdraw the licence to practise in case of misconduct or incompetence, and (c) increasing the mobility of professionals from one jurisdiction to another. Unlike many other engineering endeavours, in the case of structural engineering success is not an indication of competence, but failure does indicate incompetence. If an engineering team is able to successfully launch a mission to the moon, their success is a clear endorsement of the team’s competence. On the other hand, if a team of architects and engineers is responsible for the design and construction of a building that does not collapse, it does not imply their competence. However, if the building shows structural distress, it is an indication that the team failed to do the job competently. Further, there are no opportunities to test the structure before its usage. If one were to buy a cell phone that does not work, one could return it to the store. In the case of an apartment, the person living in it can only hope that it has been built to be safe against earthquake, fire and other hazards. Hence, there is a far greater need in the construction industry to ensure the competence of professionals before allowing them to practise independently. Civil engineers have often not been successful in conveying to policy makers in India that licensing is a particularly critical matter for civil engineering (and to some extent electrical and mechanical engineering) as it concerns the safety of the built environment, and that the issue of licensing need not be seen through the same lens for all branches of engineering. Appendix describes the salient features of licensing of engineers in California to give some context on this issue. India has a licensing system for a number of other professions. The Council of Architecture (Co. A) and the Medical Council of India (MCI) ensure that the colleges meet certain standards, and follow certain requirements in their curricula. This forms the basis for these Councils to provide a license to graduates of such colleges. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) does not oversee curricula in the colleges, but conducts a rigorous written examination to award a license to practice as a Chartered Accountant. Regardless of whether a license is based on the intervention at the level of college education (e. MCI and Co. A) or based on a competence- based examination (e. ICAI), there is the opportunity to enforce professional standards since these councils can withdraw the license to practise in the case of malpractice. Unfortunately, efforts made in the past towards licensing of engineers have not been successful: (a)In 2. Engineering Council of India (ECI). ECI took up the discussions on licensing of engineers, but those discussions have not been successful to date.(b)In 2. Government of Gujarat passed the Gujarat Professional Civil Engineers Act for the creation of the Gujarat Council of Professional Civil Engineers to provide for the registration of professional civil engineers, based on an examination. The Act provided that only a professional civil engineer registered by the Council could certify buildings with more than 1. The Council was formed in 2. Act. 9. 2 Professional competence. India has many great engineers and architects, but in a country of its size with its vast geographic, cultural and educational diversity, there are also many engineers and architects who lack the adequate skills and expertise necessary to practise good structural engineering. For instance, one sees building designs not having an adequate structural load path, columns of unrealistically small size, and indiscriminate perforation of structural beams for drainage or HVAC systems (Fig. 6. Teaching in most engineering schools around the world emphasizes the basic theory, and India is no exception. The engineering curricula are designed with the expectation that upon graduation young engineers will work under the supervision of experienced and competent seniors and in due course will learn to provide good engineering services independently. Fig. 6. 4Pipes perforating the beam of a reinforced concrete frame near the beam column joint in the city of Kanpur in 2. C. K. Jain)In the absence of competence- based licensing, without adequate supervision by competent experienced engineers, and with no additional layers of checking the drawings, an engineering graduate may often design and sign drawings that have fatal errors. The computer tools available for analysis and design of structures have compounded the problem further. Many engineers tend to take the computer program as the ultimate engineer and either do not have the time or the capability to ensure that the design and details coming out of a computer analysis make sense. There is a huge construction boom in India with an unprecedented number of multi- storey residential buildings coming up in the towns and cities and the urbanizing fringe areas, to meet the urban housing shortage (Fig. 6. Most are reinforced concrete frame structures with unreinforced masonry infill walls and are constructed by property developers who do not have a long- term stake in such buildings. While there are some reputed developers who may not compromise on the quality, many tend to cut corners to save cost of the structure as multi- storey housing is a very cut- throat, competitive process. Google fired a software engineer yesterday in response to public outrage over the man’s 10-page screed against women being represented proportionally in tech companies. If you brought every human on earth to a Major League ballpark and pitched them batting practice balls, and also set up a 10-foot basketball hoop, could more people. Horse racing; Ice hockey; Karate; Olympics; Racing; Motorsport Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on an oval-shaped field. In a recent interview, Real Madrid’s Marco Asensio recalled that manager Zinedine Zidane once told him that the wonderkid was in possession of the best left foot. ![]() The Fitbit Ionic Might Be the Smartwatch That Unseats Apple. After months of leaks and hints, Fibit has finally revealed its newest wrist wearable: The $3. Fitbit Ionic. Fitbit claims up to four days of battery life, a refined OS that pairs nicely with devices running i. OS, Android, and Windows, and a brand new sensor for tracking your heart rate. This smartwatch, which visually calls to mind the lovechild of an Apple Watch and a Fitbit Surge, is a natural progression for the huge wearable company. Just last year, it snapped up notable smartwatch makers Pebble and Vector for a reported $3. And between the almost- perfect Surge and the incredibly unattractive Blaze, Fitbit has been interested in the smartwatch sector of the wearable market for a while. This is the culmination of that interest. It’s profoundly ugly—like every Fitbit that’s come before, but it could be technologically cool enough that you might not care. A smartwatch, even an unattractive one, makes sense for Fitbit right now. According to IDC, Fitbit’s market share plummeted over the last year leading the former number one wearable brand to drop to third place in market share behind Apple and Chinese tech titan Xiaomi. While you won’t find a Xiaomi fitness tracker or smartwatch on many wrists in America, you will find the Apple Watch. Here in New York, I see a few on wrists every single day as I commute into work. Yet, while Fitbit has seen its marketshare shrink, the company still claims to have over 5. It’s down, but not out, and clearly hopes that the Ionic will help turn things around. When it comes to style it can’t hope to beat Google and its myriad of partners in the fashion world. It’s big bezel and sharp angles can’t even beat the gentle curves of an Apple Watch. The Apple Watch, by virtue of being Apple- made, is something of a fashion accessory now. The Ionic will likely be too big and square to accomplish the same feat. So one way Fitbit is hoping to distinguish itself is by focusing on what it does best: Fitness. To that end. Fitbit claims it’s built an incredible accurate new heartrate sensor. The current Fitbits use its Pure. Pulse system which is an optical heartrate sensor using green lights that rapidly flash across the skin allowing and sensor to detect the pulse of a person’s blood flow. This is the de facto method for detecting the heartrate on the wrist. With the Ionic, Fitbit is introduces a new “triwave color sensor” that uses a combination of red, green, and infrared lights to detect bloodflow. How well it detects it, and whether it is more accurate than previous Fitbit devices or the Apple Watch remains to be seen. For the fitness focused, the Ionic is also water resistant up to 5. GPS, has swappable bands so you don’t have to look like a gym goober all day, and can automatically detect when you exercise and when you stop exercising—useful if you jog with a dog. And with a claimed four days of battery life, it could certainly do that. Battery life has long been one of the things holding smartwatches back from more widespread adoption. They can handle a day of constant use, but generally crap out early into day two. Meanwhile, the Ionic loaner Fitbit provided us on Thursday, which is running an early build of the software and nowhere near representative of the final product, was at 5. That’s more than three days of wear, whilst constantly checking my heart rate, and more importantly, polling my phone for notifications. Over the last few years, Fitbit has gotten pretty good at delivering notifications to your wrist, but it’s just not as good at it as wristables running watch. OS or Android Wear. The Ionic could, potentially, change that. It allows for call, text, and calendar notifications. Theoretically, it can handle notifications from other apps as well, and I managed to get it to work with three of the other apps on my phone. Besides notifications (and the option for different watch faces) another big smartwatch must the Ionic has is an NFC chip for cardless payments at retailers. At launch it is expected to work with Mastercard, Visa, and American Express—though Fitbit insists its working with banks for better interoperability. But the best smartwatch feature coming to a Fitbit device are apps. Fitbit is going to launch a gallery where developers can add their own apps and watch faces for anyone to download. Apps will be subject to a review process and coded using Javascript and SVR. They’re expected to be designed in Fitbit Studio, a new web- based tool, similar to the one the defunct Pebble used to rapidly build a library of apps. In fact Tomas Sarlandie, Fitbit’s Software Engineering Director, told journalists at a recent briefing that Studio had already been seeded to select former Pebble developers in the hopes that they’d develop for the new Fitbit OS platform. And Fitbit had better cross its fingers they do, because at launch there will be exactly four non- Fitbit apps available on the Ionic: a Starbucks, Accuweather, cycling app Strava, and Pandora. Those are meager options, but the Pandora one could be nifty, as it will allow you to take Pandora offline and onto the watch’s 2. GB of storage space (provided you have a Plus or Premium Pandora account). There’s no Spotify, or Google or Apple Music, so if you don’t want to listen to Pandora you’ll need to side load your own music. All of it will play via Bluetooth headphones, including the pair Fitbit itself is launching around the same time. The Fitbit Flyer are wireless Bluetooth headphones that Fitbit claims have six hours of playtime in them, compatibility with all available digital assistants, audio prompts for connectivity and battery life, and a small selection of wings, tips, and fins to help you find a better fit. The Fitbit Flyer wireless earbuds will retail for $1. Fitbit Ionic will retail for a whopping $3. 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